A Transnational Corporation Influence on the World Economy Case Study

A Transnational Corporation Influence on the World Economy - Case Study Example Three major ways in which TNC's participate in the economic activities of the host country are through international trade, technology transfer and international (foreign direct) investment. These activities, both individually and collectively, have the potential impact host countries in different ways, and these ways depend on several variables. This paper will examine these internationalisation activities and discuss their impact on the economy of the countries involved, especially that of host countries. With the new advancements in transportation, information, communication and technology, international trade has become more prevalent over the past few decades, and especially this past one. Locally, international trade has changed the activities of the market. It has created the need for countries to produce more for export and encouraged a greater dependence on imports to fill gaps in local markets. In the past, international trade had been dictated by colonialism, but now things have been changing. New superpowers have arisen, and they have given birth to transnational corporations. ... However, the transnational corporations of developed countries have dominated the global economy. The trade agreements formulated among countries have usually rested heavily in favour of the developed countries. Several reasons have been proposed for this, but two stand out. Even in areas where developing countries have a comparative advantage, participation in the global markets has been limited because of market protection that still exists in both developed and other developing countries. The other reason is that the negotiating powers of developing countries are heavily restricted by tight budgets ("Market Access").

New Born Screening Act Essay Example for Free

New Born Screening Act Essay

Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay -- Education Boundary Mike Ro

Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters one through five Mike Rose focuses on his own personal struggles and achievements as a student. Ultimately the aim is to highlight the underpreparedness of some of today’s learners. First and most importantly Mike Rose writes the book in the first person. This provides an invaluable view to the actual thoughts and perceptions of a student who considered himself to be underprepared. Mike Rose begins his accounts in grammar school when he felt lost in the material. The teacher did not hold his attention and therefore he began to â€Å"daydream to avoid inadequacy† (Rose 19). Mike Rose does not describe himself as a nuisance, but as a student who was overlooked. This treatment was very a detriment to his education. â€Å"I would hide by slumping down in my seat and page through my reader, carried along by the flow of sentences in a story.† (Rose 19) He discusses the teachers’ inability to â€Å"engage the imaginations of us kids who were scuttling along at the bottom of the pond.† (Rose 26) This strategy combined poorly with the attitudes of other students who did not want to work hard, who just wanted to be average. (Rose 28) Mike Rose describes that mix of students and how it affected his own perception of education: â€Å"School can be a tremendously disorienting place†¦ You’ll also be thrown in with all kind of kids from all kind of backgrounds, and that can be unsettling†¦ You’ll see a handful of students far excel you in courses that sound exotic and that are only in the curriculum of the elite: French, physics, trigonometry. And all this is happening while you’re trying to shape an identity; your body is changing, and your emotions are running wild.† (Rose 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without reading Mike Rose’s detailed descriptions of his experiences as a learner a perspective teacher may never suspect that the quiet student in the class is daydreaming to avoid the material that he/she does n... ...ild, when he would hide and daydream, up until his first years of college, when he would avoid areas that were difficult, the author recognized that there was important link between challenging the student on a meaningful level and the degree to which the student eventually produced. â€Å"I felt stupid telling them I was†¦ well – stupid.† (Rose 43) Here, Rose shows an example of how poor preparation and low standards in the classroom can make a student feel inadequate. Indeed, one can see how many things seemingly unrelated do affect a student’s ability to learn. Reading Mike Rose’s book Lives on the Boundary one can benefit from his efforts as a student and educator. It is a tool that can be used to motivate teachers to produce interesting lesson plans and to be aware of their students in all aspects. The book provides concrete examples of good and bad teaching all related through the author’s personal history. Finally, the book-as an account of one man’s personal struggle – reflects on the inner psyche of the marginal student and prompts the reader to be more attentive to each and every learner. Work Cited Rose, Mike. Lives on The Boundary. New York, NY: Penquin Books. 1989 Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose Essay -- Education Boundary Mike Ro Lives on the Boundary by Mike Rose The book Lives on the Boundary, written by Mike Rose, provides great insight to what the new teaching professional may anticipate in the classroom. This book may be used to inform a teacher’s philosophy and may render the teacher more effective. Lives on the Boundary is a first person account composed of eight chapters each of which treat a different obstacle faced by Mike Rose in his years as a student and as an educator. More specifically in chapters one through five Mike Rose focuses on his own personal struggles and achievements as a student. Ultimately the aim is to highlight the underpreparedness of some of today’s learners. First and most importantly Mike Rose writes the book in the first person. This provides an invaluable view to the actual thoughts and perceptions of a student who considered himself to be underprepared. Mike Rose begins his accounts in grammar school when he felt lost in the material. The teacher did not hold his attention and therefore he began to â€Å"daydream to avoid inadequacy† (Rose 19). Mike Rose does not describe himself as a nuisance, but as a student who was overlooked. This treatment was very a detriment to his education. â€Å"I would hide by slumping down in my seat and page through my reader, carried along by the flow of sentences in a story.† (Rose 19) He discusses the teachers’ inability to â€Å"engage the imaginations of us kids who were scuttling along at the bottom of the pond.† (Rose 26) This strategy combined poorly with the attitudes of other students who did not want to work hard, who just wanted to be average. (Rose 28) Mike Rose describes that mix of students and how it affected his own perception of education: â€Å"School can be a tremendously disorienting place†¦ You’ll also be thrown in with all kind of kids from all kind of backgrounds, and that can be unsettling†¦ You’ll see a handful of students far excel you in courses that sound exotic and that are only in the curriculum of the elite: French, physics, trigonometry. And all this is happening while you’re trying to shape an identity; your body is changing, and your emotions are running wild.† (Rose 28)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without reading Mike Rose’s detailed descriptions of his experiences as a learner a perspective teacher may never suspect that the quiet student in the class is daydreaming to avoid the material that he/she does n... ...ild, when he would hide and daydream, up until his first years of college, when he would avoid areas that were difficult, the author recognized that there was important link between challenging the student on a meaningful level and the degree to which the student eventually produced. â€Å"I felt stupid telling them I was†¦ well – stupid.† (Rose 43) Here, Rose shows an example of how poor preparation and low standards in the classroom can make a student feel inadequate. Indeed, one can see how many things seemingly unrelated do affect a student’s ability to learn. Reading Mike Rose’s book Lives on the Boundary one can benefit from his efforts as a student and educator. It is a tool that can be used to motivate teachers to produce interesting lesson plans and to be aware of their students in all aspects. The book provides concrete examples of good and bad teaching all related through the author’s personal history. Finally, the book-as an account of one man’s personal struggle – reflects on the inner psyche of the marginal student and prompts the reader to be more attentive to each and every learner. Work Cited Rose, Mike. Lives on The Boundary. New York, NY: Penquin Books. 1989

Police Training Essay

Nowadays professional training is paid more attention as it is one of the best ways to increase job commitment and enhance performance. I think that all police officers should have free access to formal and informal courses, seminars devoted to violent death investigation, interrelations, and criminal laws. The training programs should cover also the principle of supervision and civil liability. Training plays crucial role in today’s police work because training ensures not only organizational efficiency, but also increases effectiveness and productivity of all police departments. It goes without saying that it is hardly possible to except effective work from untrained police officers. Moreover, community doesn’t feel safe if they realize that their police officers aren’t skillful and experienced enough to defend them when necessary. Nevertheless, state funding isn’t enough to solve training dilemma because of lack of money assigned to support training programs. Without money and proper funding it would be difficult to solve the problem. The purpose of training is to promote occupational and professional development of police department through specialized job-related programs. Nevertheless, training differs significantly from education because training is so-called study in the process. Education provides only theoretical background of the particular situations, whereas training develops practical skills and acquirements in real situations. However, I think that training is the second step after education as the officer should firstly realize the aspects of actions and only then should master his skills. Harry More defines training as â€Å"something like an inchoate crime†. He means that training is continuous process and can’t be ever fully accomplished. Training is always a process. Education provides knowledge and training applies it to specific situations. The goals of trainings are: To improve police officer’s performances and job commitment; To develop the sense of responsibility in police officers. It is necessary to underline that training is designed to help individuals to cope better with challenging duties and responsibilities. Simply saying, training helps to perform job better. Training is claimed to be unique because it suggests unity within particular organization. According to More and Miller, modern police training is based on the following philosophical foundations: Positive action is ensured when accompanied by acquired skills and motivation; Learning process depends not only motivation and personal abilities, but also on the instructional methods, behavior of the trainers and the climate within department; Training is considered tripartite responsibility; Training is continuous process requiring constant updating of skills and knowledge. Finally, it is important to document all formal and informal training because it helps to identify what type of training is actually needed. Documenting is defined as task analysis aimed at ensuring the relevance of training. While documenting it becomes possible to identify the tasks performed by the person who holds the position. Also documenting ensures easy assessment of training programs. Tasks analysis helps police officers to determine whether the training program is professional enough to provide skills and knowledge required for particular job. In conclusion it is necessary to note that training develops the following professional skills in police officers: interpersonal communication skills, perception and awareness, decision-making ad critical thinking, adaptability and definitiveness, oral and written communication skills.

Pepe jeans Essay

The company maintains contact with its independent retailers via group of 10 agents and each agent is responsible for retailers in a particular area of the country. Pepe is convinced that a good relationship with the independent retailers is vital to its success. Pepe’s requirement to place firm orders six months in advance with no possibility amendments, cancellation, or repeat ordering. Some claimed that the inflexible order system forced them to order less, resulting in stock outs. Pepe felt that a change was going to be needed soon. The easiest solution would be work with the Hong Kong sourcing agent to reduce the lead time associated with orders but this was going to increase the cost significantly. Even with the significant increase in cost, consistent delivery schedules would be difficult to keep. Another suggestion was to build a finishing operation in United Kingdom. Pepe was interested to see how system worked at U. S. operations. They found that they would have to keep about six weeks’ supply of basic jeans on hand in the United Kingdom and they have to invest ? 1,000,000 worth of equipment. They also estimated that it would cost about ? 500,000 to operate the facility each year. They could locate the facility in the basement of current office building, and the renovations would cost ? 300,000.

Noncompliance in Patients essays

Noncompliance in Patients essays The advances in medical science now allow people to live longer than ever before. With the treatments and medications available people who used to only live a few months with chronic illness are now living for years and within those years having active lives. It is an amazing breakthrough and one that promises to keep moving forward however, with those advances come some issues. One of the things that health professionals are dealing with is the problem with non compliant patients with regard to taking medications as directed. Non compliant patients are that way for many reasons. Sometimes they are non compliant because they start to feel a little better and believe they no longer need the medication. This can be a common issue among the mentally ill and is a significant issue with diagnosed schizophrenics. Other times patients may be non compliant because the medications they are supposed to take have side effects that they do not want to deal with. Whether the medication causes ext reme fatigue, nausea, dizziness or other physical manifestations many patients believe the side effects are not worth the potential benefits of the medication and stop taking the medication. In other instances noncompliance may come from a misguided decision by the patient to try and hasten their own death so they will not be a burden on their family and in still other cases noncompliance may just be forgetfulness or lack of maturity and responsibility on the part of the patient. Whatever reason there is for a patients noncompliance it is important for the health care professionals to work with the patient and if needed intervene so that the medication will be properly administered to the patient. This is not only for the safety and well being of the patient but in cases such as Tuberculosis it also becomes a public safety factor. In looking at the issue of non compliant patients one can examine the drug AdvancePCS which is a drug commonly prescri...

Botulinum toxin essays

Botulinum toxin essays Botulinum Toxin: A Killer and a Healer How can the worlds dangerous substance be a persons healer? Highlight 11.1, Botulinum Toxin: A Killer and a Healer, describes this two-faced toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum that may help a person with muscle problems and yet threat the whole world with only one gram of botulinum toxin. This bacteria, C. botulinum, also meaning, sausage in Latin is an anaerobic, endospore-forming, Gram positive bacillus that is common in soil and water worldwide. Clostridia are rod-shaped, but when producing spores they appear more like drumsticks with a bulge at one end. The vegetative cells are the yellow drumsticks, and the spores are the light-blue ovals within the yellow cells (as seen on the picture above). Its endospores that survive improper canning of food, germinating to produce vegetative cells that grow and release into the jar or can a powerful neurotoxin, (Vangelova, 1) that can cause botulism when toxin enters the body. Different strains of botulinum produces one of seven antigenically distinct botulism toxins ( A through G). The good thing is that this toxin is not contagious but can be easily acquired. There are three types of botulinum toxin that can be obtained through food-borne, wound, or an infant. But it is also being used in the medical field to suppress many diseases. Botulinum toxin can be obtained through food-borne. As Vangelova stated, One of the most common culprits in food-borne botulism is home-canned food, especially vegetables such as asparagus, green beans, and peppers. More than 90 percent of food-borne botulism outbreaks between 1976 and 1985 were due to home-processed foods, describing how these endospores can germinate vegetative cells and cause great damage. One basic recommendation was to cook food to be canned in pressure cookers because they can maintain temperatures high enough (abo...

Hyphenating More + Adjective

Hyphenating More + Adjective Hyphenating More + Adjective Hyphenating More + Adjective By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the standard advice that the adverb more should not be linked to an adjective by a hyphen: I find that most style guides do not favor hyphenating phrases starting with more (e.g., more honest). I find the following phrase in the manuscript that I am currently editing: â€Å"more explicit predictions.† This could mean predictions that are more explicit or more predictions that are explicit. From the context, I believe the author means the former. For clarity, shouldnt this be hyphenated as more-explicit predictions? Most style guides do advise against linking more to an adjective with a hyphen, but most also recognize that sometimes a hyphen may be necessary for clarity. For example, The Chicago Manual of Style prefers â€Å"a spare hyphenation style.† The guide provides numerous examples, but recognizes that writers will encounter punctuation puzzles for which they can find no examples or analogies. In that case, CMOS gives this common sense advice: if no suitable example or analogy can be found either in this section [7.85] or in the dictionary, hyphenate only if doing so will aid readability. Adding a hyphen is a quick solution, but not the only one. Another option is to rewrite the sentence with a qualifying clause: There is a need for predictions that are more explicit. The reader who posed the question rejects the clause solution as â€Å"rather stilted.† It does require more words, but calling it stilted is a matter of opinion. I see it as a practical solution. Another way to avoid ambiguity with more is to use a different word. Here are some synonyms for more: additional further added extra increased new other supplementary These words may or may not be appropriate substitutes for more in a specific context. Sometimes the only way to avoid ambiguity is to take the time to rethink the sentence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowFlier vs. Flyer5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

U.S History 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

U.S History 1 - Essay Example After Columbus’ discovery of the New World, the entry of the wide variety of globally acclaimed luxury commodities in the European markets through the sea route stopped the earlier market of the luxury goods that was prevailing. The pre-existing German and Italian trading powers were ousted by the Atlantic trade. There had been social changes in the European luxury markets as the new luxury items like chinaware, silk, spices and sugar made their entry. During the Age of Discovery, Western Europe has been had become the Economic Center for the European Union shifting from the Mediterranean. At that time the city of Antwerp, which was a part of Duchy of Barabant, was considered to be Europe’s richest city and also center of the international economy. During the Age of Discovery, the religious sentiments, gave rise to the discoveries at this age. It was seen that while the Islamic community was expanding its horizon, the Western Christendom was getting destroyed. European Union became vulnerable and they feared to be attacked by infidel East. It was also agreed and known by the Europeans that the Far East was highly rich and luxurious. If we take a deeper look into these discoveries, we find the similarities with the Crusaders prevailed during the 12th and 13th centuries. The main effort in spreading the belief of Christianity among the New World residents was mainly started by the Catholic Church during the Age of Discovery. The Catholic Church also took the initiative of converting the indigenous people as well as the Native Americans. Portugal, France and Spain were the three countries that put the colonial efforts in forming the European powers, majority of which was the missionary effort and gave a partial justification for the same. Catholic nations’ colonial efforts and indigenous people’s Christian Mission ran in parallel. Moreover, Dominicans, Jesuits, Franciscans

Various Methods of Electricity Production Term Paper

Various Methods of Electricity Production - Term Paper Example The pattern of production remains the same for almost all the forms of electricity production. One of the major sources of electricity production which is not environmentally friendly is through coal power plants. (1) Solar and Wind power have low environmental impact, low cost involved and this can be a viable option in rural areas. Solar, hydro and nuclear power are the best options for industrial and rural areas. The start up costs is marginally higher than the traditional methods but the long term benefits are better. (2) The Earth’s resources are not depleted if electricity is produced from the sunlight as solar energy is a renewable source of energy. There are 2 ways of producing solar energy from the sun: photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies. (3) 30% of the photon energy that comes in contact with the AE resource is being converted into energy in a photovoltaic cell. Silicon will be formed with the help of poly crystalline and the photovoltaic cells. Chemical reactions release electrons when they get in contact with PV cell is in contact with the sunlight. The current produced by these cells are placed in a module which helps in producing huge quantity of power for residential houses and industries. This source of electricity production has higher manufacturing costs in producing solar energy but in the recent times, the construction of photovoltaic has been made cheaper. (3) Another traditional way of producing electricity is to use reflectors and concentrate the sunlight to heat gaseous hydrogen, helium, oil to produce pressurized steam which helps in rotating the turbine and producing electricity. Many residential houses have these central receiver systems with mirrors that reflect sunlight on a large place filled with the fluid which helps in producing energy. (3) Nelson (2001) emphasises that the organic compounds used in the solar cells can be made out of inorganic compounds which will

Profeading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profeading - Essay Example During the period I was around; I help her take her breakfast. She ate a little bit of her food and drank all her boast. She was a very religious woman, very sweet and shared some of her favorite verses with me. She also prayed for me and one of the students while we were helping her to toilet. The other student helped me put her into her Jerry chair. As we made her bed, I notice that she was very lonely and had suicidal thoughts. She confided in me that her husband and daughter died three years ago. As a result, she often got confused and cried a lot. The loneliness was unbearable for her and caused her to have suicidal thoughts. The dietician walked in while we were talking and asked her about her appetite. She asked her if she liked her boasts and if she wanted more added to her diet. She declined, saying that she did not wish to increase her hospital bills. However, the dietician assured her that adding more foods to her diet would not increase her bills. The second day at the clinical was also immensely enjoyable and extremely beneficial. I learned that some patients needed a lot of psychological support and that most of them refused clinical interventions for fear of increasing their bills. In this regard, I learned that it was important to give them all the information they need to make important decisions regarding their

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on Essay

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on 20th Century Music in the West - Essay Example The emergence of sound system dances allowed for the spread of Jamaican music throughout the Western world. Jamaican music evolved through commercialization, starting from a point of trying to appeal through human emotional issues, but eventually taking on the role as a central part of the political evolution of Jamaica during the latter 20th Century. As Bob Marley took on an international presence, he and others who followed brought reggae to the United States where it influenced the evolution of politically volatile rap music. The influences of Jamaican music on the Western world evolved from an island that was undergoing social and political change. Jamaican Music Development History of the Jamaican Sound The history of Jamaica is mixed between the African heritage and the colonialism of Europe. The main language of Jamaica of the island is English, but the traditional history of the region is that evolved from small villages on the island from the roots of an African heritage whi ch was untouched by European influence. From the evidence of the primarily European influences on daily life, it can be concluded that Jamaica is primarily a European influenced culture but has retained the flavor of Africa in its arts. According to Chang and Chen, â€Å"the performance style of authentic folk music in Jamaica is African, no matter what the origins of the music†.1 The proof of this is seen in Rastafarian renditions of European Bible hymns in which complicated percussive expressions and the insertion of syncopations not in the original music are decidedly African influenced. Additionally, the use of relaxed vocal timbre which obtains the sound from the face rather than from the head expresses an African style as opposed to a European influence.2 One of the more prevalent techniques that can be seen in Jamaica that is directly influenced from Africa is the call and answer group vocal technique. Most music in both the African and Jamaican format is conceived voc ally. This is so important that there exists a ‘sing-talk’ format that can be considered the precursor to rap. The call and answer form, which is fairly self-explanatory, is a core of African and Jamaican musical performance. Rural Jamaican music is rife with this format and it has been translated as an influential factor into ska, rocksteady, and reggae.3 The belief is that most of the African influences are from the period of time of colonial slavery, but this may not be the case. The theory that African influence is based solely on this time of slavery can be refuted when taken into consideration with the addition of indentured servants who came outside of slavery during the period between 1841 and 1865. The Rastafarians are defined by Ethiopian origins, by the Bongo Nation are influenced from ancestry in the Congo-Angola region of West Africa. What is now known by Rastafarians as Nyabinghi can be shown to be a direct result of the combination of theses traditions.4 According to Chang and Chen â€Å"Jamaican popular music has always mixed the rhythm of Africa and the melody of Europe†5 During the early 20th century Jamaica was beginning to create a post-colonialism world with a distinct national identity. In the 1930s music that was specific to Jamaica began to emerge as a defining element of the culture. As development workers began to work towards improving conditions of villages and towns, organizing a network in order to gain control over distribution of resources and to

What is Capital Budgeting Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is Capital Budgeting - Statistics Project Example The NPV for corporation B is also higher than for corporation A. The difference is not very significant at less than 10%, but in the absence of other information, it would appear that corporation B fetches higher present value. The NPV represents today's value of projected future cash flows. The rate of discounting should approximate the bank rate, and the 10% figure given should be seen in this context. The difference in NPV between the two alternatives would be inadequate to support any decision, given that there would inevitably be some uncertainty in the projections of revenue and cost. The IRR is higher for corporation B than for corporation A. Since the company has limited funds to invest and since each of the alternatives requires equal funding, corporation B is a better choice in terms of IRR. IRR is the most relevant measure in this case since the firm has limited funds and has to make a choice between the two corporations available for acquisition. Again, the difference in IRR between the two corporations is too small to support any decision in real life. The Pay-back period is the same for both corporations, so no difference can be made on this account. Both corporations are equal in terms of the payback period. The payback figure is easy to calculate, but it can be misleading. Acquisition of a corporation should consider risks inherent in its projected earnings and continued revenues (Jean-Jacques, 2002, p55). The pay-back figure would not be an important consideration unless a diversification into a highly risky line of business was to be involved. Future cash flows that have not been discounted do not have much value in a business situation. Profitability Profitability is better in the case of corporation A. This could be because corporation B has secured a bigger market share through price competition, and seems to have a policy of cutting margins in order to retain its market position and business volume. It may be a matter for management intervention after an acquisition, for declining margins are most often difficult to reverse and can affect the long-term financial health of an enterprise. Discounted Payback The discounted payback period is one year more than if we consider nominal values of annual cash flows. This is the case with both corporations. This measure is more meaningful than plain pay-back. The effect of discounting is almost the same for both corporations, delaying pay-back by about a year. The discounted pay-back in the fifth year is not particularly attractive.

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on Essay

The History of Jamaican Music in the 20th Century and its Influence on 20th Century Music in the West - Essay Example The emergence of sound system dances allowed for the spread of Jamaican music throughout the Western world. Jamaican music evolved through commercialization, starting from a point of trying to appeal through human emotional issues, but eventually taking on the role as a central part of the political evolution of Jamaica during the latter 20th Century. As Bob Marley took on an international presence, he and others who followed brought reggae to the United States where it influenced the evolution of politically volatile rap music. The influences of Jamaican music on the Western world evolved from an island that was undergoing social and political change. Jamaican Music Development History of the Jamaican Sound The history of Jamaica is mixed between the African heritage and the colonialism of Europe. The main language of Jamaica of the island is English, but the traditional history of the region is that evolved from small villages on the island from the roots of an African heritage whi ch was untouched by European influence. From the evidence of the primarily European influences on daily life, it can be concluded that Jamaica is primarily a European influenced culture but has retained the flavor of Africa in its arts. According to Chang and Chen, â€Å"the performance style of authentic folk music in Jamaica is African, no matter what the origins of the music†.1 The proof of this is seen in Rastafarian renditions of European Bible hymns in which complicated percussive expressions and the insertion of syncopations not in the original music are decidedly African influenced. Additionally, the use of relaxed vocal timbre which obtains the sound from the face rather than from the head expresses an African style as opposed to a European influence.2 One of the more prevalent techniques that can be seen in Jamaica that is directly influenced from Africa is the call and answer group vocal technique. Most music in both the African and Jamaican format is conceived voc ally. This is so important that there exists a ‘sing-talk’ format that can be considered the precursor to rap. The call and answer form, which is fairly self-explanatory, is a core of African and Jamaican musical performance. Rural Jamaican music is rife with this format and it has been translated as an influential factor into ska, rocksteady, and reggae.3 The belief is that most of the African influences are from the period of time of colonial slavery, but this may not be the case. The theory that African influence is based solely on this time of slavery can be refuted when taken into consideration with the addition of indentured servants who came outside of slavery during the period between 1841 and 1865. The Rastafarians are defined by Ethiopian origins, by the Bongo Nation are influenced from ancestry in the Congo-Angola region of West Africa. What is now known by Rastafarians as Nyabinghi can be shown to be a direct result of the combination of theses traditions.4 According to Chang and Chen â€Å"Jamaican popular music has always mixed the rhythm of Africa and the melody of Europe†5 During the early 20th century Jamaica was beginning to create a post-colonialism world with a distinct national identity. In the 1930s music that was specific to Jamaica began to emerge as a defining element of the culture. As development workers began to work towards improving conditions of villages and towns, organizing a network in order to gain control over distribution of resources and to

Leadership Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Theory - Research Paper Example Through these people, members of the organization have clear direction on how tasks are to be done through the means and methods imposed by the former. Leadership is the most effective solution in every organization elsewhere. But for years, however, people are still puzzled on how a person becomes a leader (Lussier & Achua, 2009) They keep on thinking if such ability is innate in character or if it can evolve through time and experience. Whether there is a formula on how to become an effective leader, or a certain approach to be used by a person in a particular situation or organization, specifically to the one delegated as a Radiology Department Administrator. Radiology is a branch of science which caters to internal anatomy. Through the technology used in this field of medicine, physicians and medical students are able to visualize the internal make up of the body, leading to informed medical decisions. Radiologists are responsible for operating the machines used in radiology like the x-ray. Of course, in every department, there is a need to assign an administrator to oversee if the express and inherent functions of one department are being performed. In this case it is the radiology department administrator (Gunderman, 2006). The radiology department administrator is responsible for the general direction and supervision of the Radiology Department. That person should be a graduate of a medical school and is licensed to practice such field. The said administrator should be able to plan out strategies to preserve the efficient flow of service. Moreover, the administrator has been given the authority to screen prospective applicants of the said department. In this position, leadership skills are one of the most vital considerations. With that, it is important to know what leadership approach an administrator should use in order to efficiently perform his duties (Griffin and Snook, 2006). The paper shall delve into leadership theories in relation with the posit ion of radiology department administrator, and also to know the leadership theories which perfectly corresponds with the position. Leaders: Are They Born or Made? â€Å"He is a natural born leader† is an expression widely used by people who are delved to conclude that the leadership is an in born trait. It is correct to say that leadership is an innate characteristic, but it may also be developed and acquired through time (Northouse, 2009). A natural-born leader, so to speak, may be attributed to one’s in born skills and abilities like his level of intelligence or even his physical features (e.g. height). These qualities, which may be classified as above normal, tend to impress or intimidate people. With this, superiority over the normal person is created (Jago, 1982). From this perspective, five common factors should be considered in order to know whether the person has the innate capability of being a leader. The five common factors are as follows: 1) Surgency, which is characterized by one’s sociability and propensity to be dominant; 2) Agreeableness, which is shown through compassion and capacity to show empathy; 3) Dependability, which deals with the capacity for organization and credibility of a person; 4) Adjustment, which can be shown through stability and acceptance of oneself; and 5) Intellectance which

Monetary policy Essay Example for Free

Monetary policy Essay The Federal Reserve which is commonly referred to as FED is the central authority to the US money and banking system.   It utilizes the monetary policies at its disposal with the aim of ensuring that prices, foreign exchange rates as well as long term interest rates remain stable.   Stability in these three areas is beneficial in as far as investment is concerned and they trigger economic growth.   (McConnell and Brue, 2004). Other objectives of FED include ensuring that the inflation rate is kept relatively low and the employment levels boosted.    The monetary policies adopted include the open market operations, manipulating of the reserve requirement and discount rates. The open market operations refer to the buying of US treasury as well as the federal agency securities with the aim of influencing the money supply and demand. OMO is the most applied tool due to its flexibility in influencing money demand. Fed also ensures that the financial sector remains stable while protecting the interests of the customers due to the realization of the importance of money supply in the economy. (www.federalreserve.gov). One challenge that faces FED as it tries to ensure economic growth through the various monetary policies is the fact that realizing one aim results to another problem or rather poses a different challenge.   Selling government securities with the aim of increasing the money supply in an economy may trigger increased inflation by some margin. Increasing the employment levels also triggers inflation which Fed tries to counter in the first place.   To ensure that the impact of such inflation is contained, it is imperative that Fed sets its target appropriately so that a compromise is attained.   Attaining one objective at the expense of the other should be well addressed. Timing issues which emanates from the fact that there is a time lag between when Fed realizes or rather recognizes a problem and decides to react by selecting an appropriate monetary policy and when the effect of the implemented policy is felt.   To ensure increased efficiency in the monetary policies, Fed must adopt effective tools or strategies of gathering information to ensure that immediate responses are made as demanded by the economy. (McEachern, 2005). Fed structure is quite complex thus making the implementation of its policies difficult and cumbersome. This also contributes to the delayed implementation of monetary policies which has a negative effect in as far as attaining the core objectives is concerned. The board of governors of Fed are also too powerful and can be manipulated easily especially by the political leaders who have some vested interest. The establishment of an effective independent central bank would minimize the chances of political influences which compromise on the effectiveness of Fed. (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Identify and explain at least three ways that the Federal Reserve affects the banking system through open market operations (OMO). As earlier noted, Fed uses the OMO monetary tool where US treasury and federal agency securities are traded to regulate the money supply in the economy. Buying of federal treasury and agency security is done when the aim of Fed is to reduce the money supply in the economy while selling increases money supply thus used in recessionary times. There can be permanent as well as temporary changes to Fed reserves when outright sales or purchases are made. A system repurchase method can be adopted to impose temporary changes.   Fed purchases government bonds from the public which increases the reserves of the commercial banks after it pays for them. Purchasing such reserves sees the banks increase their reserves in an amount equal to what has been paid for the reserves.   The same case happens when reserves has been purchased from the public. Fed can also sells government securities that are not being used to the commercial banks as well as the general public hence surrendering the securities to the banks or general public who can then draw checks against the deposits made. Through this approach Fed reduces the amount of money supply that is available for the commercial banks which also translates to reduced money supply in the entire economy. (www.federalreserve.gov). Purchasing of government bonds by Fed leads to the reduction of interest rates which encourages banks and households to dispose their reserves to Fed. The selling of such bonds lowers the prices of bonds while increasing the interest rates to make the bonds attractive to the general public as well as the commercial banks. Fed also purchases or sells the treasury bonds or bills which affect their deposits by increasing or decreasing in size. This also affects the volume as well as growth of banks by allowing them to have increased reserves at their disposal thus more to lend to both commercial banks as well as households.   This leads to their increased growth as they make earnings through the interest charged.   The OMO also affects the lending processes as it affects the interest rates which are attached to the bank borrowings and loans. OMO regulates the money supply in an economy by either increasing it or decreasing it. (McConnell and Brue, 2004). Explain how changes in reserve requirements and the discount rate affect the operations of banks and other depository institutions. The discount rates are monetary policy tools that can be used by Fed to influence the money supply and demand in the economy with the aim of influencing economic growth. Discount rates or discount widow can be defined as the rates charged by Fed to commercial banks which in turn affects the amount of money such banks or financial institutions have thus their lending capacity.   The major types of the depository windows by Fed are the primary, secondary and seasonal credits which have varying interest rates. (www.federalreserve.gov). The discount rates attached to primary credit are generally higher than those attached to other short term discounts in the market.   Interest rates charged on secondary credit are also higher than the primary credit interest rate while the seasonal credit discount rates are the average of selected market rates.   When Fed increases the discounts rates it discourages commercial banks from borrowing money from it but a reverse effect is felt when the discount rates are lowered. The amount of money in an economy is increased when banks are encouraged to borrow funds from the Federal Reserve.   The reserve requirement refers to the amount of money or funds that financial institutions are expected to deposit with Fed against their securities.   The amount set as reserve requirement is determined by the board of governors of Fed as guided by the American law and it is held in terms of vault cash. Increasing the reserves requirement rates leads to increased required reserves of what the financial institutions are expected to keep with the Fed and this translates to reduced ability to lend money to both banks as well as household thus reducing the money supply in an economy.   The reserve is also true. (www.federalreserve.gov).

The Changing Role Of The Management Accountant Commerce Essay

The Changing Role Of The Management Accountant Commerce Essay Charles Darwin the famous scientist who introduced the theory of natural selection said In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment. He used this theory to explain the extinction of the dinosaurs from the earth. I believe this theory in fact is not confined to species. It is a universal truth which is applicable to so many phenomena we see in our day to day lives. One such illustration is the transformation of finance function. The enormous change the corporate world underwent over the last few decades has inevitably pressurized the finance function to adapt to its operating environment. As a result, today the finance function is in the fore-front of decision making positioning itself as a business partner for the organization as opposed to a conventional support function. It is in this context that every organization today should embark on the journey of transforming its finance function to adapt to the challenges of the modern business environment. It is needless to exaggerate the changes this brings about in the role of the management accountant. However being humans it is natural for us to resist such change. What we should remember nevertheless is that if we fail to adapt to these changes, our destiny would not be different to that of dinosaurs. This reinforces the argument that tomorrows successful management accountants will be the ones who not only understand the need importance of finance transformation but also who take proactive measures to bring about effective change and eventually manage such change to ensure sustainability of the business. 2. Finance Transformation 2.1 How it has changed? Accounting Finance function over the centuries has evolved significantly from the basic double entry bookkeeping the revolutionary concept which started it all. Today we live in a world where global companies exist and the finance function like so many other things in human life has transformed itself to cater the ever increasing demands of modern day businesses. Let it be financial reporting, treasury management, budgeting or any other area in finance for that matter, there is visible transformation. For instance, bottom-line in financial jargon, only meant financial profitability until recently. But today organizations strive for a triple bottom-line which is way beyond the boundaries of financial profitability. A recent research conducted by CIMAs centre of excellence at the University of Bath concluded the following changes (see Figure 1) as the most frequent changes faced by businesses. Figure 1: Key changes faced by the Finance Function in the last decade Source: CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.12 As per the above research data, an overwhelming majority of 96.4% has confirmed that there had been at least one change in their finance function for the period in concern. However the degree, to which these changes have been popular, may extremely vary with Cost reduction being the forerunner with a popularity of 59% while Outsourcing of non-routine tasks was confined to a mediocre 5.5%. The same study later classifies these changes to four broad types and also pinpoints two main motives behind these changes namely Cost efficiency and Value creation (See Table 2). Table 2: Classification of Changes Faced by the Finance Function Source: CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.12 Cost Efficiency motive is where a business is keen to improve its output by using its resources more efficiently. On the other hand Value creation involves performing tasks in better ways whilst eliminating non-value adding activities such that the organization creates value in terms of profitability. It is clear from the data (See Figure 1) that it is the Cost Efficiency based changes which were more prominent in businesses during the last decade. As the research suggests, Cost Reduction and Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) appear logical steps for organizations as they grow. The economies of scale, firms are expected to achieve with its size, rationalize such change. Further the world economic crisis stemmed in 2007 prolongs to date would also have significantly influenced finance managers to run their businesses on tighter budgets and thus focus on efficiency based transformation. Although cost efficiency measures, up to now, have had the upper hand in finance transformation, it is expected that the value based changes would take precedence in times to come, as finance functions embark on the journey to achieve the visionary value creator status. 2.2 Why has it changed? So far we discussed how the finance function has evolved over the years. Let us now examine the underlying drivers which caused this dramatic change. This inevitably leads us to look at the changes that occurred in the environment in which businesses operate. One thing that surely comes to my mind is globalization. I believe this concept single handedly revolutionized the way people engaged in business. For instance virtual organizations such as Dell and online market places such as e-bay have not only been highly successful, but also have challenged the future viability of traditional business models. However globalization is only one among many drivers of change as per CIMAs recent research findings on finance transformation. In fact it ranks well below the likes of increased competition technological advancement which grabbed the top two spots in terms of popularity (See Figure 3). Figure 3: Drivers of organizational change ranked in terms of popularity Source: CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.15 Increased risk and uncertainty and External reporting requirements achieved 3rd and 4th places respectively with market development coming next. It is important to mention the part played by the collapses of big corporate giants such as Enron, Worldcom and subsequent changes it created in the finance function especially in terms of risk assessment models and stringent reporting guidelines. The report further highlights some of the differences that exist within different business sectors. For example, demographics are as twice as popular driver in public sector compared to the private sector in which competition market dynamics are more prevalent. In financial services industry risk uncertainty is hailed above all drivers of change. All these drivers subsequently created pressure on the tradition finance function and new finance control models evolved to suit the new playing field. 3. The changing role of the management accountant in todays environment 3.1 The way forward So far we analyzed the nature of finance transformation and its underlying causes. It is now high time to look at the evolving role of tomorrows management accountant. Having acted as a steward for decades, today the finance professionals are increasingly pressurized to be a navigator or a business partner in performing his/her duties. With reference to the previously mentioned study done by CIMA, it is evident that Business partnering is clearly emerging as a way forward for finance transformation. Table 4: Business Partnering in finance function Source: CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.11. In its research report, Finance transformation business partnering, CIMA Centre for Excellence defines business partnering as a behavior which involves members of the finance function acting as close advisors or internal consultants in greater collaboration and cross-functional working with others in the organization, so they can understand the business better, and provide the advice and support that is needed.  [1]   The idea here is, for finance members to actively participate in the decision making process and take collective ownership of the decision as opposed to being passive advisors. However in order to do so, the finance professionals not only need to posses technical knowledge in finance IT, they should also be equipped with extensive industry knowledge business acumen. In addition to that, the need for enhanced interaction across all the levels in the organization would mean that the management accountants need to master necessary communication and interpersonal skills. Further the traditional barriers that exist between departments would also need to be relaxed so that effective inter-functional associations are enabled. Erik ter Horst, Vice President Finance, CFO EMEA and Latin America, BT, offering insights to CIMAs survey adds for me, finance can only be functional if the finance function is a part of the whole organization  [2]  . However one might also argue that this may compensate the level of independence exercised by finance and hence affect the objectivity of its decisions. While acknowledging the possibility, Morten Sorensen, Finance Director Central Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific, SSP, believes that the potential risk to the objectivity of finance function will be outweighed by the additional value generated at the end of the day it comes down to the integrity and professionalism of the individual.  [3]   3.2 Finance transformation and the role of the Management Accountant at Bodyline 3.2.1 Background: Bodyline Private Limited, a joint venture between MAST Industries, Triumph International MAS Holdings, is one of the largest lingerie sportswear manufactures in Sri Lanka with a workforce of around 6000 employees and an annual capacity of around 15 million pieces of bras. The company caters to some of the worlds most glamorous brands including Victoria Secret, Nike, Marks Spencer and Lane Bryant. Over the last couple of years Bodyline has synergized its multi product customer portfolio to its competitive advantage whilst investing on technologies such as bonding, 3D hemming and ultrasonic welding. However the company is constantly facing stiff competition from low cost manufacturers in Asian countries such as Bangladsh Vietnam, and as a result recently underwent drastic changes in its business model which in turn caused the finance function to transform accordingly. 3.2.2 Finance Transformation at Bodyline Table 5: Changes faced by the finance function at Bodyline Finance Function Change Example Type of Change Motive for Change 1 Greater emphasis on cost reduction Projects to curb major cost overrun areas. E.g. Overtime Tracking Mechanism Cost Reduction Cost Efficiency 2 Increased outsourcing of routine tasks Outsourcing of VAT Returns Process to a 3rd party BPR 3 Increased Use of Shared Service Centers for routine tasks Setting up a common commercial department in collaboration with MAS Intimates group 4 Increased work on product pricing Developments of Pre Post Order Profitability functions on SAP Product Focus Value Creation 5 Cross functional teams Formation of customer teams comprising of representatives of different departments including finance Focus on internal processes 6 Greater emphasis on poor performance within the organization Facilitating greater depth in Performance Management. (Catering to Business, Departmental Individual levels) 7 Increased external benchmarking of the whole organization Risk assessments and external benchmarking activities leading to sound business decisions being taken Source: Primary data collected from Bodyline The above diagram depicts functional changes experienced by Bodyline Finance and it could be directly compared with Table 2 in page 3. (CIMAs original model) 3.2.2.1 Cross Functional Teams:  A drastic structural change was introduced few months back where cross functional teams (representing virtually all the departments) were formulated to uniquely cater each customer. A business analyst was appointed to each team to represent finance and he/she adheres to a dual reporting structure where the individual reports to the Head of Finance as well as to the Head of the respective customer account. Each customer team sits together in a separate area within the factory so that interaction between the members is enhanced. However the transformation involved significant cultural change. People had to be convinced that the previous structure that had been adopted for the past 15 years was not the right way forward.   Members of finance worked very closely with the new leadership to change the internal structures reporting lines to logical cross functional business teams to support customer expectations. The management accountants involved in articulating the methodology of performance management systems including Key Performance Indicators as well as devising segmental reporting of customer bottom lines coupled with policy control deployment. This helped the people to understand the big picture and most importantly, where do they fit in to the new structure. The increased level of transparency helped us create a healthy competition among customer teams which in turn contributed to break the resistance to change whilst aggressively driving towards the achievement of business objectives. 3.2.2.2 Greater emphasis on poor performance: Performance management initiatives across many departments layers are being introduced with the direct involvement of finance which provides design to delivery solutions. For instance, the incentive scheme for sewing operators was changed to an efficiency based group incentive mechanism from an individual performance based incentive system, with finance department functioning as the project champion. This is one fine example where Bodylines finance function operated as a true business partner coming out of its comfort zones, co-operating with the other relevant departments and executing the project to perfection. It is noteworthy to mention that whilst executing this project, complex human dynamics of 6,500 people and the cost implications of providing incentives to all of them were considered. A series of information sessions had to be conducted to manage the knowledge transfer requirement in terms of the new system. Nevertheless a sign ificant increment in factory efficiency was noticed within the first month of project implementation. In order to facilitate such advance business requirements, the finance function was strengthened with people having dual backgrounds. In other words, apart from hardcore finance graduates, Bodylines finance team comprises of several apparel engineering graduates from the University of Moratuwa who are also qualified in CIMA. It is this unique resource combination that has enabled Bodylines finance team to successfully strive for excellence amidst numerous challenges. 3.2.2.3 Risk Analysis: The members of the finance department are also engaged in analysis assessment of risks facing the company, developing projections based on such risks to draw the attention of the management on high risk areas. For example early identification of the risks of Western economic recession, paved the way for the company to take immediate actions and thereby mitigate the impact of these adverse events at least to a certain extent. 3.2.2.4 Cost Reduction: As a follow up action plan to Budget Monitoring, the finance team in collaboration with other departments initiated 4 major projects to cut down companys overhead cost. These are namely Implementation of overtime cost tracking controlling mechanism A project to control transport expenditure A project to control courier charges A project to control stationary cost A project leader is appointed from Finance for each project and this individual is solely responsible for delivering the objectives of the project. The leader is expected to collaborate with relevant departments, device an action plan, follow up action points and present the progress at the next months budget monitoring session. Significant cost reductions were observed in each area with the inception of these projects. On the other hand, these projects offer a great opportunity for the budding management accountants to move out their comfort zones, actively involve in cross cultural teams, learn and become business partners who actively participate in achieving the companys strategic objectives.  Ã‚   3.2.2.5 Increased work on product pricing: To enhance the visibility of financial information at the Sales Order level, a project was initiated by finance with the collaboration of IT to develop SAP (the companys ERP system) based modules which calculates the expected profitability of a Sales order in the system itself. This process currently happens on spread sheets off the ERP system and as a result lot of information is duplicated and resources are wasted. The second phase of this project involves linking purchase order authorization procedure to sales order profitability so that an effective control on at the point of material purchases can be exercised. Yet again this is a challenging project which requires the individual to move out of the comfort zones of an accountant and work with System users/IT specialists and to gather system requirements and thereby ensure effective system development is achieved later. 4. Conclusion Modern day businesses experience change at a dramatic rate and whichever the ones that do not adapt quickly, would be gone before long. Being part of that business, the finance function can never isolate itself so should get accustomed to change. If the finance function has to change, that indirectly means the management accountants should expect their roles to frequently change in future. In fact it is the management accountants who are expected to manage the process of finance transformation. As their roles evolve, tomorrows management accountants will be expected to learn new skills (more often out of their comfort zones) work with cross functional teams and ultimately act as business partners who take responsibility for the collective decisions. Although we all tend to resist change initially, we also might feel it is after all not so bad. It certainly brings opportunities provided we take it in the right spirit we may end up being better off. The story of finance transformation at Bodyline is certainly of that type. Transforming was never an easy journey and it still is not. However as a team the finance function moved forward with positive attitude and as a result in the process has achieved so many milestones. As I conclude, the fundamental point I wish to bring up is that the finance transformation is inevitable. Irrespective of whether we like it or not its here to stay. However it is our decision either to embrace the change like a lizard which quickly changes its color to suit the environment and thereby survive through successful camouflaging or else ignore the change just like the dinosaur and simply extinct.

Fate Versus Free Will Essay example -- essays papers

Fate Versus Free Will Fate, as described in the Oxford English Dictionary, is â€Å"The principle, power, or agency by which, according to certain philosophical and popular systems of belief, all events, or some events in particular, are unalterably predetermined from eternity.† To the western world, fate is perceived as â€Å"a sentence or doom of the gods† (Oxford). They often sought prophecies of the gods, especially from Apollo, the god of knowledge. The Greeks would seek prophecies usually when they had doubts about something, or if they were afraid or in despair. When the gods made a prophecy, the Greeks put all their faith in it and believed that it would happen. When their prophecies did come true, was it really fate that controlled them? If so, was there any room for free will? Some have difficulty believing that a god, rather than their own actions, could control their fate. However, when a god made a prophecy, which later came true, the evidence was clear enough to cause someone to believe in fate. In one famous play, the question of fate versus free will plays a dominant role during analysis. The play, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, stars a young man, Oedipus, who appears to be the pawn of the gods. In Ode four (27-31), the chorus comments on Oedipus’ state: And now of all men ever known Most pitiful is this man’s story: His fortunes are most changed, his state Fallen to a low slave’s Ground under bitter fate. Every aspect of Oedipus’ life and everyone he loves eventually suffers from a horrible fate predicted by the gods. However, did Oedipus have to suffer his fate or did he have the power to change it; is the outcome of Oedipus’s life really the result of fate or his own actions? After... ... 1992. The University System of Georgia. 22 April 1999 *http://venuse.galib.uga.edu:4000/FETCH:%3Asessionid=29107:resultset=1:format=F:fcl=1:recno=1:numrecs=1:next=html/Article.html*. * Guthrie, W. K. C. The Greeks and Their Gods. Boston: Beacon Press, 1950. * Hamilton, Edith. The Greek Way. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1930. * Knox, Bernard M. W. Oedipus at Thebes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1957. * â€Å"Oxford English Dictionary.† Galaleo. The University System of Georgia. 2 May 1999. *http://sage.libs.uga.edu/ssp/cgi-bin/oed-idx.pl?sessionid=925701061&type=entry&byte= 136735810&q1=fate&q2=&q3=* * Sophocles. â€Å"Oedipus Rex.† Literature. Ed. Robert DiYanni. Boston: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998. 880-921. * â€Å"Sophocles: The Author and His Times.† Barron’s Booknotes. America Online. 22 April 1999 *AOL keyword: Barron’s*.

Managing Church Conflict

Managing Church Conflict Conflict within Churches continues to be a problem (Tony Cartledge 2001), and it shows little sign of abating. In fact, the opposite could be much closer to the truth. Perhaps this is why so many in the ministry turn to the writings of Hugh Halverstgadt (2002), a ministry professor from Chicago. In the introduction to his book â€Å"Managing Church Conflicts†, Halverstgadt analyzes the personal and congregational reasons that provide the root causes, which can lead from minor disagreements to outright conflict. His book develops the theme that, as in many areas of life, to sensibly address these problems, ministries and churches globally need to institute a system of conflict management. Leading the reader through a step-by-step conflict management strategy, covering a wide range of typical scenarios, Halverstgadt leads us to his image of peace in churches based upon the notion of Shalom, which promotes the â€Å"right harmonious relationships to other human beings,† (Nicholas Wolterstorff, 1983).   The real question is whether the views held, and the solutions that Halverstgadt promotes to resolve conflict, address the situation. Halverstgadt’s preface asks the question â€Å"can Church conflict be Christian?† and argues that where it degenerates into a â€Å"dirty fighting† scenario, which is not uncommon, this is perhaps not the case. To address this he suggests that ways of turning such disputes into a â€Å"fair† Christian fight need to be found. However, he accepts that there is no need for the Church to fear conflict, provided it is engaged in a manner of fairness. He provides an insight into the reasons conflicts, identifying that essentially the foundation for all conflict is power and that power turns to conflict once its balance is disturbed. Such disturbances can one sector seeks to promote its power in a way that other may perceive would result in a weakening, and therefore limiting or reducing, the power that they think they should enjoy. As, in the case of the Church, most conflicts are deemed centered round power battles within the congregation itself, the book promotes the theory that it falls to the pastor or minister to take on the mantle of conflict manager. It suggests that to successfully take on and execute the role, the manager will needs to reassess their own ideas and beliefs in terms of conflict and their reactions to a situation that arises. In effect, Halverstgadt is looking to the conflict managers to retrain themselves into this new role so that their approach will lead to a solution to the issue that will be acceptable to all of the parties concerned. He acknowledges that the force nature of such a role may be alien to the person, but counsels that as long as they approach it from a position of self-worth, a knowledge that one is a loved member of God’s and the communities family, others will respond positively to them. Part two of â€Å"Managing Church Conflicts† concentrates on the understanding of the issues that have given rise to the conflict, and analyzing these issues and the parties involved into their component parts. One of the first steps advocated is to set rules for the discussion of the conflict, which may mean reorganizing the current ways that existing systems of debates within the Church and its congregation are managed. Often, in conflict situations, both the root causes and indeed the participants in the dispute are not easily identifiable. Therefore, the book suggests that there is a need for the conflict manager to move between the disputing parties and draw them together in conversation that is open and productive. One of the first, and most important, steps in this process includes ensuring that the disagreements move from a â€Å"dirty fighting† stance, which is characterized by its personal direction and content, to an open discussion based upon the foundation of Christian ethics. Haverstadt suggests that it is only once all of these issues have been addressed that the ministry or pastor can move onto the next step, which is the task of managing the conflict and bringing about a resolution that is just, fair and brings about unity once again. Haverstadt further recognizes that managing a conflict situation is no easy task, even for the most experienced conflict manager, and that is has certain limitations. Therefore, in the second part of his book, he sets out a straightforward systematic process for the church mediator to follow.   How they can avoid damaging exchanges between the parties, partially by using the interpretations of faith on the issues, and seeking calmer methods of controlling the discussions. He further discusses ways in which this process should not be limited to just the main protagonists as this could bring about the arising of new conflicts, but include the Church community, so that everyone understands where the process is heading. Furthermore, recognizing that there are issues within the individuals involved that might be better served in private, he suggests that the using of a mentor, or coach, may be beneficial. This gives the individuals the opportunity to discuss those feelings on a personal basis, and to receive comfort and counseling from those appointed to assist them. The desire is that this will lead to a situation where parties can put forward the basis of their strategies and arguments in a positive and clearly defined manner. In the relative calmness of discussion that these moves are hoped to produce, Haverstadt’s book then attempts to deal with the subject of resolution itself, outlining the strengths and weakness of the possibility of trying to reunite the differences or achieving a negotiated settlement acceptable to all. The whole focus or aim of the procedures that Haverstadt’s book promotes is the perception that, by following the guidelines outlined, a position of shalom will be reached. Shalom, in the biblical understanding of the term, a vision which emphasizes the notion of a united, just community bound in pleasant relationships. Although this may seem to exclude discord and diverse viewpoints, as Haverstadt explains, this is not the case. Diversity in the vision of shalom is realized and accepted within an enthusiastic wish to maintain and restore relationships with others using the one abiding link between the congregation, namely their belief in God and the trilogy. Differences in this situation become part of the core strength of the community, rather than the influence that tears the community apart. Result To the extent that the focus of Halverstgadt’s interpretation that the causes of Church conflict are produced by a clashing of power bases, there is little evidence to argue against his findings. If one looks at the development of the Christian Church over the centuries since it’s birth with the death of Christ, the power theory is evidently supported. From a that one focus, Christianity, one has seen it develop into a multi-faceted structure, with the only link, and that somewhat precarious, being the core belief in the trilogy. Catholic, Anglican, Baptist and Methodist, amongst a host of Churches, ostensibly promote the same message, all offering the same vision for the salvation of the human being. Yet, when reflecting about each other, the divisions are obvious, sometimes almost vitriolic in their expression. Historically, it is clearly demonstrated that these divisions resulted from a conflict of power. A typical example is the way in which the King of England separated the Anglican Church from the Church of Rome. Halverstgadt’s promotion of the use of conflict management in an effort to resolve Church conflicts, by providing a calm and common sense vehicle through which issues can be identified and resolved is laudable. Such systems have been used as an integral part of human resource management in business for a number of years, often with much success. However, like all strategies, it has its limitations. Successful conflict management in a community relies upon all the protagonists having the same goals. Business is possibly unique, in that all involved have a tangible focus for conflict management, the business itself. The difference with Church conflicts is that although much of the dispute is about power, it also rests in emotions and non-tangible ideas and beliefs. For example, some of the congregation would promote the idea that the Church should accumulate wealth, so that it can promote its message from a position of strength, others promote the idea that strength of message is better served and more honest from a position of meekness. Conclusion My opinion of this book is that it will serve as a good foundation for dealing with Church conflicts in a number of instances, the main areas to benefit from this good will be concentrated on a parochial basis. At the level where major conflicts occur, as identified in the example of conflict between King of England and the Church of Rome, the power driven differences are too embedded within the psyche of the dominators of the various factions for mediation to be truly successful. In addition, whilst the vision of Shalom is a worthy target for all communities, particularly in Churches, such is the nature of the Human Being that it is unlikely the culmination of this vision will come to fruition. My conclusion therefore is that, whilst the book provides valuable direction from which the Church, its concentration and examples are too localized to make a significant impact upon the area where it is needed most, namely the hierarchy of the various religious sects themselves. References Halverstgadt, Hugh. F. (1992). Managing Church Conflict. Westminster/John Knox Press. U.S. Cartledge, Tony. W.   ed. (2001). Church conflict a common problem. Biblical Recorder. North Carolina. U.S.A. Wolterstorff, Nicholas (1983). Until Justice and Peace Embrace Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. p 70.               

Blockbuster Films Essay

Extra-terrestrial beings, intergalactic space flight, fictionalized re-telling of actual historical events, biological disasters that either threaten or bring human existence to a screeching halt, these are several of the most common elements and themes found in blockbuster films. But given the varying elements of blockbusters in film history, certain uncertainties give the term no exact definition. Yet, people, regardless if they are critics or ordinary viewers, are able to determine if a particular film is a blockbuster or not. Traditionally, blockbusters are regarded as films that denote popularity or success in production, but there is no authoritative body that gives requirements or criteria for judgement for films to be classified as blockbusters. Likewise, there exist no actual norms and standards on how films are to be classified as such. The fact that there uncertainty prevails over the true definition of a blockbuster leads to questions such as: is it based on towering budgets and high production values? Are blockbusters made through the popularity of the actors involved in the film? Or are blockbusters created and classified based on the brilliant, and seemingly flawless ideas spawned by a particular filmmaker’s imagination? In any event, Julian Stringers (2) introduction to the book, Movie Blockbusters, asserts that the term has an elusive nature because the meaning of the term blockbuster if used in the context of motion pictures is never fixed or clear. However, Stringer denotes that the term’s definition varies dependent of who speaks and what is being said (2). Stringer’s definition implies that a blockbuster does not necessarily have to have big budgets or sophisticated on-screen effects, rather, a complex spectacle that poses as a genre of the cinematic tradition. And by saying that a blockbuster is a genre, the distinct elements of the cinematic tradition categorize such films under blockbuster Take the case of Christopher Nolan’s 2008 blockbuster superhero film The Dark Knight. Apart from the concept of a masked vigilante using high-powered gadgets to ensure that no more 8-year old boy would lose his parents again, the idea of a rich, powerful, and influential individual sporting a caped suit and a mask to fight crime is can only be meant for children, or to some extent what the American culture came to call, the geeks.. Nevertheless, The Dark Knight managed to crawl its way to the hearts and minds of millions of movie goers. Set in a Gotham City manifesting itself as an archetypal city fired up by the sound of progress, but haunted by the vestiges of underground criminal activity, hypocrisy, and corruption, The Dark Knight revolves around Joker’s psychotic ploys to disgrace Gotham City’s law enforcement department while trying to reveal Batman’s alter-ego in the process. Putting Lieutenant James Gordon and District Attorney Harvey Dent in his primary hit list, Batman bends and distorts his principles in life to put a lid on the Joker’s irritating humour. As previously mentioned, the elements incorporated within a particular film create blockbusters. The Dark Knight is no exception as the actors and the film’s plot cooperate to venture the superhero genre to blockbuster. New York Times film critic Manohla Dargis describes Nolan’s The Dark Knight as a film that stands between the thin blurry lines of art and industry, as well as poetry and entertainment. This is because the dark portrayal of the characters in the film gives a totally new perspective on comic book characters in contexts beyond the limitations of comic strips. The Joker (Heath Ledger), for instance introduces the audience to what he calls a better class of criminal. The Joker is meant to become the irony of his own name that he exhibits a serious psychotic nature through gestures such as facial expressions and his walk (Nolan). Nolan’s Joker provides a justification for his criminal sanity by comparing himself to normal civilized individuals who feel that the laws being imposed make the world a safer and a better place. It is quite apparent in the Joker’s motives that he questions the morality of the corrupt law enforcement officers and politicians who allegedly feel that they are on the side of right. Heath Ledger’s performance as the Joker single-handedly carries the film to blockbuster status because of the dark, sadistic approach to the villain’s persona. Acclaimed film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times writes that Nolan’s Joker steps up in such a way that he puts up ingenious situations where Batman (Christian Bale), Police Lieutenant James Gordon, and District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckheart) are placed in tight situations that challenges their morality in every sense. Dialogue is also one of the promising elements that place a particular film in the blockbuster genre. This is in large part brought about by language’s capability to leave an indelible mark to viewers from all walks of life. Adding more magnificence to the already unique, yet chilling gestures, the Joker’s lines exhibit a foreign implication that justifies his psychotic ploys. Simply put, how the Joker justifies the sadistic choices he gives to his adversaries establishes a different consciousness to people, especially ones who are oppressed by supremacists and bullies. In a similar magnitude, Eckheart’s iconic line â€Å"either you die a hero or you live long enough to see yourself become the villain (Nolan)†, tattoos a harsh reality that serves as a portrait of the current state of political. By literally and figuratively living to his words, Harvey Dent taps a reality, though morbid, reflects how power becomes self-destructive in such a way that it corrupts people who hold it. Apart from the remarkable performances, the film’s sinister and tragic plot spells out the word blockbuster. Primarily, Nolan’s The Dark Knight poetically departs from the typical good versus evil comic book plots. Nolan’s Dark Knight becomes darker as Gotham’s beloved citizen start to pile up for the caped crusader’s arrest, the Joker’s sick, demented mind takes advantage and prompts the infamous hero to come out and get him. Roger Ebert describes the plot as haunted that exceeds the boundaries of its comic book origins and transcends in to a shocking tale of tragedy. This is because most of the film’s scenes engages both the audience and the film’s protagonists to decide on moral dilemmas. In the end, no matter what choice the hero makes, a scar is left on his morale and his identity. Ebert adds that because of the actors’ ability to captivate the audience and because of how the film’s special effects respect the emotional acting, the audience are blindsided by the drama that pierces to their compassionate side. Through-the-roof funding and sophisticated production principles seem to pave the way for blockbuster films. But then again, how would a certain film become attractive and tasteful to the audience if it does not bring the promising elements in to consideration. Through its gloomy intensity and dark and horrifying humour, The Dark Knight managed to balance the weight production values with the term blockbuster. Likewise, the serious and cruel undertones of the film‘s plot not just redefines superhero movies but it clarifies what classifies as blockbuster as well. Works Cited Stringer, Julian. Movie Blockbusters. New York: Routledge, 2003. Dargis, Manohla. â€Å"Showdown in Gotham Town. † 18 July 2008. The New York Times Online. 22 October 2008 < http://movies. nytimes. com/2008/07/18/movies/18knig. html>. Ebert, Roger. â€Å"The Dark Knight. † 16 July 2008. Roger Ebert’s Official Website. 22 October 2008 < http://rogerebert. suntimes. com/apps/pbcs. dll/article? AID=/20080716/REVIEWS/55996637/1023>. Nolan, Christopher. IGN interview on Christopher Nolan. 6 December 2007. The Dark Knight. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Perf. Christian Bale, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, and Aaron Eckheart. Warner Brothers, 2008.

Botulism Is A Rare Gastrointestinal Infection Biology Essay

Botulism is a rare GI infection, it is a serious status caused by toxins from bacteriums called Clostridium Botulinum. Clostridium Botulinum are a species of anaerobiotic, Gram-positive, rod shaped bacteriums in the household Clostridiaceae that produces proteins with features neurotoxicity. The botulinus toxin is a powerful neurolysin that impairs nerve map, including those of the stop, taking to palsy. It is the etiologic agent of botulism in worlds, wild poultry, Equus caballuss and cowss. There are seven subtypes of these bacteriums, each bring forthing a different Botulinum Toxin. The being and its spores are widely distributed in nature. They can be found in dirt, deposits of watercourses and lakes, and in the enteric piece of lands of fish and mammals. Clostridium botulinus interferes with the presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effecter junctions, and at many other sites in the CNS. Acetylcholine enables musculus contraction hence without it musculuss will non contract. The stop enables take a breathing hence without acetylcholine the infected animate being will decease of respiratory failure and asphyxia. Clinical characteristics include abdominal hurting, emesis, acute palsy, blurred vision, and double vision. There are eight types of botulism. They are: A, B, CI ± , CI? , D, E, F, and G. Out of the eight merely three of them are associated with human disease. They are A, B, E and F. A, and B are foodborne related potent strains. It was foremost recorded in Europe in 1735 and it was suspected of being associated with a German sausage, hence being named after the Latin word for sausage, â€Å" botulus † . Several states produced botulism toxins in the WWII as a possible bacteriological arm. They were said to hold trial sprayed over a subdivision of Canadian wilderness killing all animate beings within 6 hours but they were ne'er used in combat. The bacterium itself is non toxic when ingested and are normally consumed on fruits, veggies and seafood. The German doctor and poet Justinus Kerner foremost developed the thought of a possible curative usage of botulinus toxin. In 1870, another German doctor, Muller, coined the name botulism. In 1895, Professor Emile Van Ermengem, of Belgium, was the first to insulate the bacteria. In 1928, Dr Herman Sommer, at the University of California, was the first to insulate in purified signifier the toxin type A ( BoNT-A ) as a stable acid precipitate. Dr Edward J Schan tz succeeded in sublimating BoNT-A in crystalline form-cultured C blotulinum and isolated the toxin in 1946. In the 1950 ‘s, Dr Burgen ‘s ASV group discovered that blotulinum toxins blocks neuromuscular transmittal in 1949. Dr Vermon Brooks discovered that when BoNT-A is injected into a overactive musculus, it blocks the release of acetycholine from motor nervus terminations. Dr Alan B Scott, of Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute used BoNT-A in monkey experiments in 1973, and in 1980 he used if for the first clip in worlds to handle squint. The incubation period of botulism is 12-80 hours. It can be obtained through inspiration of toxin, ingestion of toxin or C botulinus spores, and taint of a tissue with toxin or C botulinus spores. Signs and symptoms have six presentations. The central marks include afebrile ( holding no febrility ) ; symmetrical neurological manisfestations ; normal mental position, though may look lethargic and have trouble with communicating ; normal to decelerate bosom rate without presence of hypotension ; and normal centripetal nervus map, other than vision. The early presentations include: cranial abnormalcies, weariness and dizziness, dual and bleary vision, and trouble get downing nutrient. The ulterior presentation include ; falling palsy, trouble traveling eyes and mild pupillary dilation, lingua failing, lessening joke physiological reaction, indistinct address, symmetrical falling progressive muscular failing particularly on weaponries and legs, utmost failing on postural cervix musculuss and occasional oral cavity external respiration, and irregularity. Ingestional presentation include: dry oral cavity and dysarthria, and sickness and emesis. Inhalational presentation include: mucous secretion in pharynx, and serous nasal discharge, salivation. Last the infant presentation include: inability to suck and get down, irregularity, weakened voice and floppy cervix. There are five chief sorts of botulism. They are foodborne botulism, wound botulism, infant botulism, adult enteric toxemia of pregnancy botulism, and iatrogenic botulism. Even though botulism bacteriums are common in nature, they can be killed by O. Thereof, the bacteriums signifier spores that protect them from the O. Once on an oxygen-free environment the spores activate. The most common manner to acquire botulism is from improperly canned nutrient. When the can is sealed it creates an oxygen-free environment suitable for the bacterium. If heated decently the spores dies but if non heated decently, the spores activate and the can is filled with toxin, botulismotoxin. Since botulismotoxin is a protein it can be denatured by heat, nevertheless canned nutrient is largely eaten cold botulism occurs. Affected persons have trouble swallowing or speech production, dry oral cavity, facial failing on both sides of the face, blurred or dual vision, saging palpebras, problem external respira tion, sickness, purging and abdominal spasms, and palsy. Babies usually obtain botulism from honey in a assortment of ways. When roll uping nectar from flowers, bees collect botulism spores and blend them into the honey. Most grownups can eat these spores without trouble since the bacteriums within the organic structure robust the immune system which eliminates the spores. Since babies still do non hold these bacterial defense mechanisms the spores come to life when they reach the intestine oxygen-free environment. While inside of the babe they produce toxin. This typically occurs between the ages of 2 and 6 months. Complications arise usually within 18 to 36 hours after the toxin enters the babe ‘s organic structure. Signs and symptoms include: irregularity, floppy motions due to muscle failing and problem commanding caput, weak call, crossness, salivating, saging palpebras, fatigue, trouble suction or eating, and palsy. Wound botulism is the consequence of lesions contaminated with C botulinus spores. It develops traumatic hurt that involves soil taint among injection drug users ( those who use black-tar diacetylmorphine ) and after a cesarean bringing. The lesion may look benign. The involved tissues which are traumatized and devitalized provide a perfect anaerobiotic medium for the C botulinus spores to shoot into vegetive beings and produce neurolysins. The symptoms normally appear 4 to 18 hours after an hurt occurs and are similar to food-borne botulism although GI symptoms may be absent. They include: trouble get downing or speech production, facial failing on both sides of the face, blurred or dual vision, saging palpebras, problem external respiration, and palsy. Adult enteric toxemia of pregnancy ( big enteric colonisation ) botulism is a really rare sort of botulism that occurs among grownups by the same path as infant botulism. The exact prevalence of AITB is unknown. To day of the month, about 20 instances have been reported. The disease affects grownups and older kids. Features include unknown beginning of toxin, presence of toxin in stool, and unnatural GI pathology ( e.g. , Billroth surgery, Crohn ‘s disease, and peptic ulcer disease ) or antimicrobic drug usage. Last, iatrogenic botulism can happen from inadvertent overdose of botulinus toxin. It has been noted really seldom after medical usage or abuse of the botulinus toxin. Injectable toxins are used to handle a scope of spastic and autonomic muscular upsets. These toxins are purified and extremely diluted. Toxin type A ( Botox ) is used in highly infinitesimal doses for the intervention of facial furrows and blepharospasm ( an unnatural contraction or vellication of the palpebra ) , cervical dystonia squint ( an chronic painful neurological upset characterized by loss of control over one or more parts of the organic structure ) , glabellar lines ( are the perpendicular lines on the human face and are seeable when a individual scowl ) , and primary alar hyperidrosis ( inordinate perspiration ) . Toxin type B ( Myobloc, Neurobloc ) is used to handle cervical dystonia. The diagnosing of this infection can be slippery because symptoms mimic those presented by other diseases. Sepsis ( whole organic structure redness ) is the most common initial diagnosing for infant botulism. Lab trials are used for unequivocal diagnosing. Analysis of blood, stool or puke for grounds of the toxin may assist in the verification of the infection. Treatment includes the usage of drugs, respiratory support, surgery, and stomachic lavage. Adults with botulism are treated with an antitoxin. The antitoxin is effectual against toxins types A, B and E and inactivates merely the toxin that is unattached to steel terminations. For babies, BIG ( botulism immune globulin ) is available neutralizing A, B, C, D, and E before they can even adhere to nervousnesss. Infant intervention normally involves respiratory support and tubing eating for hebdomads even months. Physical therapy is initiated one time the babe can take a breath unaided. A inhalator is frequently required to assist grownup patients breathe, and a tracheotomy may besides be necessary. Surgery may be necessary to clean an septic lesion and take the beginning of the bacteriums. Antimicrobial therapy may be necessary. In stomachic lavage, psychotherapeutic agents or clysters are used. Vaccines against botulism do non be nevertheless scientist have successfully vaccinated mice and ducks against type C and D, which may assist in the creative activity for human inoculation. The toxin can non be seen, smelled or tasted so the wisest thing to make is to fling any nutrient that seems spoiled without savoring it.

Physical Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Physical Chemistry - Essay Example This motivated John Dalton to study what makes different reactions unique. John Dalton, in his childhood years was educated by his father, and a man who managed a private school, called John Fletcher. He gained a wide understanding of science from the unofficial tutoring by  John Gough. At age 27 he was appointed to teach mathematics and  natural philosophy  at the  New College  where he taught for 7 years (Emery, 1988). Dalton formulated the theory after carrying out experiments into the behaviour of various gases. These experiments were based on 2 laws. The first was the law of  conservation of mass (by Antoine Lavoisier) that posits that the overall mass in a chemical process does not change (Dial, et al., 2009). The next law was the  law of definite proportions (by Joseph Proust) that posits that when a compound is stripped into its basic elements the masses of the basic elements will have similar quantities, irrespective of the amount of the original material. As a follow-up to the experiment conducted by Proust on oxides of tin, John Dalton conducted the same experiment on the oxides of tin. He also experimented with water and how it absorbed carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Dalton also started the study of various atomic weights depending on the combinations of the mass proportions, while taking the hydrogen atom as the base standard.   From the laws Dalton established the  law of multiple proportions that posits that when 2 chemical elements combine to produce more than one likely compound then the proportion of the second element’s mass that joined with a specific mass of the first element will be represented as proportions of whole numbers (Niaz, 2001). The results of this laid the foundation for Dalton’s Atomic Laws. These are made up of five theorems. The first theorem posits that an element, in its unmixed state, is made up of particles referred to as atoms. The second posits that all the atoms in

American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

American history - Essay Example The Progressive Era witnessed the appearance of reformers known by the name progressives whose objective was to knock down the devils of inequalities in the nation (Roosevelt). With the target of highlighting democratic principles and social justice, the progressives made efforts to lay the pillar for a â€Å"new† America with liberty, equality and power (Roosevelt). These progressives emerging from a tradition of middle-class elites possessed a great sense of social responsibility for the underprivileged class (Roosevelt). In the view of Eleanor Roosevelt who belonged to this social class, â€Å"In that society you were kind to the poor, you did not neglect your philanthropic duties, you assisted the hospitals and did something for the needy.† (Roosevelt). The demand put forward by the progressives started gaining recognition from farmers to politicians as it went on expanding from social service to journalism (Roosevelt). Such was the outcome of the endeavors that even president, Theodore Roosevelt mentioned: â€Å"No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down as to the way in which such work [reform] must be done; but most certainly every man, whatever his position, should strive to do it in some way and to some degree.† (Roosevelt). This was supported with Roosevelt’s resolution to discourage the laissez-faire approach and to hold up labor of 1902’s Anthracite Coal Strike settlement (Roosevelt). In the Progressive Era, ladies such as Jane Addams and Lillian Wald shouldered the social duties of updating the immigrant sections and steering them towards the right ways of life and moral values (Roosevelt). This had some influence on the woman and child labor laws, welfare benefits and factory inspection legislation (Roosevelt). However, the exertions of these female reformers simply added to the bosses’ recognition (Roosevelt). Another group of progressives were â€Å"muckraking† journalists like Jacob Riis, whose work How